MIT

Group by Year

  • 2012
    A new biradical polarizing agent, bTbtk-py, for dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) experiments in aqueous media is reported. The synthesis is discussed in light of the requirements of the optimum, theoretical, biradical system. To date, the DNP NMR signal enhancement resulting from bTbtk-py is the largest of any biradical in the ideal glycerol/water solvent matrix, $ε$ = 230. EPR and X-ray crystallography are used to characterize the molecule and suggest approaches for further optimizing the biradical distance and relative orientation.
  • 2012
    The synthesis and characterization of oxidized bis-thioketal-trispiro dinitroxide biradicals that orient the nitroxides in a rigid, approximately orthogonal geometry are reported. The biradicals show better performance as polarizing agents in dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) NMR experiments as compared to biradicals lacking the constrained geometry. In addition, the biradicals display improved solubility in aqueous media due to the presence of polar sulfoxides. The results suggest that the orientation of the radicals is not dramatically affected by the oxidation state of the sulfur atoms in the biradical, and we conclude that a biradical polarizing agent containing a mixture of oxidation states can be used for improved solubility without a loss in performance.
  • 2011
    Low-cost, silicon-compatible on chip high-quality (Q) micro-ring visible lasers are prepd. by coating silica resonators with a combination of org. dyes – AlQ3, DCJTB, and Terrylene. The materials are selected to demonstrate cascaded energy transfer, which concs. the optical pump and overcomes the mismatch in the spectrally and spatially broad pump and the narrow modes of the high-finesse resonant cavity. The broadband pump excites a short wavelength dye in a low Q-factor cavity, there by avoiding the need to resonantly match the pump. Next, the low Q-factor cavity pumps a longer wavelength dye in what is effectively a higher Q-factor cavity, and the process can be repeated, until the desired Q-factor is met. All cavities are on the same resonator and differ only in the wavelength of their operation. Detuning of one cavity with respect to the other cannot occur, eliminating the instability normally assocd. with resonant pumping of high-Q lasers. [on SciFinder(R)]
  • 2011
    The basal plane allylic alc. functionality of graphite oxide can be converted into N,N-dimethylamide groups through an Eschenmoser-Claisen sigmatropic rearrangement by using N,N-dimethylacetamide di-Me acetal. Subsequent sapon. of these groups affords the carboxylic acids, which, when deprotonated, electrostatically stabilize the graphene sheets in an aq. environment. [on SciFinder(R)]
  • 2011
    The covalent, surface functionalization of graphene oxide with the malononitrile anion has been demonstrated. Once installed, these surface-bound “molecular lynchpins” can be chemically modified to increase the solubility of the graphene derivative in either organic or aqueous environments.
  • 2011

    Emerging Applications of Carbon Nanotubes.

    Chemistry of Materials
    ,
    vol.
    23
    ,
    p.
    646–657
    ,
    2011
    A review. From their unique elec. and mech. properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted great attention in recent years. A diverse array of methods was developed to modify CNTs and to assemble them into devices. From these innovations, many applications that include the use of CNTs were demonstrated. Transparent electrodes for org. light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and CNT-based electronic components such as field-effect transistors (FETs) were demonstrated. Also, CNTs were employed in catalysis and sensing as well as filters and mech. and biomedical applications. This review highlights illustrative examples from these areas to give an overview of applications of CNTs. [on SciFinder(R)]
  • 2011
    Efficient synthesis of heteroleptic tris-cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes mer-Ir(C(/$backslash$)N)(2)(trpy) (trpy = 2-(1H-[1,2,3]triazol-4-yl)pyridine) is achieved by using the Cu(I)-triazolide intermediates formed in “click” reactions as transmetalating reagents. Ligand preparation and cyclometalation of Ir(III) is accomplished in one pot. The robust nature of click chemistry provides opportunities to introduce different functional groups to the cyclometalated system, for example, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and aryl moieties. All of the meridional isomers show short-lived phosphorescence at room temperature, both in solution and in the solid state. DFT calculations indicates that the phosphorescence of mer-Ir(C(/$backslash$)N)(2)(trpy) is attributed to the (3)MLCT and (3)LC mixed excited states, also supported by the broad spectral shape and hypsochromic shift upon media rigidification. The luminescence efficiency and excited state lifetimes of the cyclometalated complexes can be tuned by varying the substituents on the triazole ring, while the emission color is mainly determined by the phenylpyridine-based ligands. Moreover, the trpy ligand can acquire the N(/$backslash$)N chelating mode under selective reaction conditions. mer-Ir(C(/$backslash$)N)(2)(trpy) complexes isomerize into cationic [Ir(C(/$backslash$)N)(2)(N(/$backslash$)N_trpy)](+) species instead of their fac isomers upon heating or UV radiation. This can be explained by the strong trans influence exerted by the phenyl groups. The weakened Ir-C(trpy) bonds are likely to be activated and protonated, leading to the switch of the trpy ligand to a thermodynamically more stable N(/$backslash$)N chelating mode.
  • 2011
    Highly water sol. sulfonate MWCNTs were synthesized and could be used to facilitate the electron transfer between Pd and Cu in a Wacker-type oxidn. in soln. [on SciFinder(R)]
  • 2011
    Bispyridinium-phenylene-based conjugated donor-acceptor copolymers were synthesized by a Stille cross-coupling and cyclization sequence. These polyelectrolytes are freely sol. in org. solvents and display broad optical absorption bands that extend into the near-IR region. They show ambipolar redox properties with high electron affinities (LUMO levels) of 3.9-4.0 eV as well as high degrees of electroactivity. When reduced (n-doped) these materials display in situ conductivities as high as 180 S/cm. The high cond. is attributed to the planar structure that is enforced by the cyclic structures of the polymer. The electron affinities are compared to PCBM, a C60 based n-type material and hence may find utility in photovoltaic devices. [on SciFinder(R)]
  • 2011

    Structure-Property relationships for exciton transfer in conjugated polymers

    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics
    ,
    vol.
    49
    ,
    p.
    476–498
    ,
    2011
    A review. The ability of conjugated polymers to function as electronic materials is dependent on the efficient transport of excitons along the polymer chain. Generally, the photophysics of the chromophore monomer dictate the excited state behavior of the corresponding conjugated polymers. Different mol. structures are examd. to study the role of excited state lifetimes and mol. conformations on energy transfer. The incorporation of rigid, three-dimensional scaffolds, such as iptycenes and cyclophanes, can encourage an oblique packing of the chromophore units of a conjugated polymer, thus allowing the formation of electronically-coupled aggregates that retain high quantum yields of emission. Rigid iptycene scaffolds also act as excellent structural directors that encourage complete solvation of PPEs in a liq. crystal (LC) solvent. LC-PPE mixts. display both an enhanced conformational alignment of polymer chains and extended effective conjugation lengths relative to isotropic solns., which leads to enhanced energy transfer. Facile exciton migration in poly(p-phenylene ethynylene)s (PPEs) allows energy absorbed over large areas to be funneled into traps created by the binding of analytes, resulting in signal amplification in sensory devices. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011. [on SciFinder(R)]
  • 2011
    A diverse array of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) sensory materials have been synthesized and used to create sensors capable of identifying volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on the basis of their functional groups. Functionalized MWCNTs with a series of cross-sensitive recognition groups were successfully synthesized via zwitterionic and post-transformation synthetic procedures. The incorporated chemical functional groups on MWCNT surfaces introduced greatly increased sensitivity and selectivity to the targeted analytes. The distinct response pattern of each chemical was subjected to statistical treatments, which led to a clear separation and accurate identification of 100% of the VOCs. These results demonstrate that covalent functionalized MWCNT-based sensor arrays are a promising approach for low-cost, real time detection and identification of VOCs.
  • 2011
    We detail our efforts toward the selective detection of cyclic ketones, e.g. cyclohexanone, a component of plasticized explosives. Thin films comprised of a conjugated polymer are used to amplify the emission of an emissive receptor via energy transfer. We propose that the energy transfer is dominated by an electron-exchange mechanism to an upper excited state of the fluorophore followed by relaxation and emission to account for the efficient energy transfer in the absence of appreciable spectral overlap. Exposure to cyclic ketones results in a ratiometric fluorescence response. The thin films show orthogonal responses when exposed to cyclic ketones versus acyclic ketones. We demonstrate that the exquisite selectivity is the result of a subtle balance between receptor design and the partition coefficient of molecules into the polymer matrix.
  • 2011

    DNA-CNT nanowire networks for DNA detection.

    Journal of the American Chemical Society
    ,
    vol.
    133
    ,
    p.
    3238–41
    ,
    2011
    The ability to detect biological analytes in a rapid, sensitive, operationally simple, and cost-effective manner will impact human health and safety. Hybrid biocatalyzed-carbon nanotube (CNT) nanowire-based detection methods offer a highly sensitive and specific platform for the fabrication of simple and effective conductometric devices. Here, we report a conductivity-based DNA detection method utilizing carbon nanotube-DNA nanowire devices and oligonucleotide-functionalized enzyme probes. Key to our sensor design is a DNA-linked-CNT wire motif, which forms a network of interrupted carbon nanotube wires connecting two electrodes. Sensing occurs at the DNA junctions linking CNTs, followed by amplification using enzymatic metalization leading to a conductimetric response. The DNA analyte detection limit is 10 fM with the ability to discriminate single, double, and triple base pair mismatches. DNA-CNT nanowires and device sensing gaps were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal Raman microscopy, supporting the enhanced conductometric response resulting from nanowire metallization.
  • 2011
    Conjugated cryst.-cryst. donor-acceptor-donor block copolymer semiconductors, with regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) as a donor (p-type) block and poly(pyridinium phenylene) as an acceptor (n-type) block within the backbone, were produced by sequential Grignard metathesis synthesis of poly(3-hexylthiophene), a Yamamoto-type cross-coupling polymn.-cyclization sequence. These conjugated block copolymers are sol. in org. solvents and display broad optical absorption bands extending close to the near-IR region. They show reversible ambipolar redox properties with high electron affinities of 3.8-4.0 eV as well as useful ionization potentials of 5.1 eV that are characteristic of the resp. blocks. Block copolymers from p- and n-type org. semiconductors are of interest for the formation of nanostructured bulk heterojunctions in photovoltaic devices. [on SciFinder(R)]
  • 2011
    Rylene dyes functionalized with varying numbers of phenyl trifluorovinylether (TFVE) moieties were subjected to a thermal emulsion polymerization to yield shape-persistent, water-soluble chromophore nanoparticles. Perylene and terrylene diimide derivatives containing either two or four phenyl TFVE functional groups were synthesized and subjected to thermal emulsion polymerization in tetraglyme. Dynamic light scattering measurements indicated that particles with sizes ranging from 70 – 100 nm were obtained in tetraglyme, depending on monomer concentration. The photophysical properties of individual monomers were preserved in the nanoemulsions and emission colors could be tuned between yellow, orange, red, and deep red. The nanoparticles were found to retain their shape upon dissolution into water and the resulting water suspensions displayed moderate to high fluorescence quantum yield.
  • 2011
    A series of sol., thermally stable arom. polyimides were synthesized using com. available five- and six-membered ring anhydrides and 2,6-diaminotriptycene derivs. All of these triptycene polyimides (TPIs) were sol. in common org. solvents despite their completely arom. structure due to the three-dimensional triptycene structure that prevents strong interchain interactions. Low soln. viscosities (0.07-0.47 dL/g) and versatile solubilities allow for easy soln. processing of these polymers. Nanoporosity in the solid state gives rise to high surface areas (up to 430 m2/g) and low refractive indexes (1.19-1.79 at 633 nm), which suggest very low dielec. consts. at optical frequencies. Polymer films were found to be amorphous. The decompn. temp. (Td) for all of the polymers is above 500°, and no glass transition temps. can be found below 450° by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), indicating excellent prospects for high-temp. applications. This combination of properties makes these polymers candidates for spin-on dielec. materials. [on SciFinder(R)]
  • 2011
    3-R-C60-Fullereno[6,6]isoxazolines (R = 2-pyridinyl, 2-MeOC6H4, 6-(2-MeOC6H4)C5H3N, 2,2′-bipyridin-6-yl) were prepd. by cycloaddn. of C60 with nitrile oxides RC≡N-O, generated in situ by dehydrohalogenation of hydroxyimidoyl chlorides RCX:NOH. This reaction provides access to an array of fullerene-fused heterocycles bearing covalently linked chelate moieties. The improved chelating property of the newly synthesized isoxazoline[60]fullerene adducts toward transition metals allows the syntheses of octahedral and square-planar organometallic compds. of rhenium, iridium, and platinum. This new approach has great potential as a general route to other novel derivs. contg. catalytically active transition metals. The redox properties of 3-(2-pyridinyl)fullereno[d]isoxazoline (2a) and its rhenium chlorotricarbonyl complexes were studied by cyclic voltammetry. [on SciFinder(R)]
  • 2011
    The syntheses of several derivs. of 3,4-bis(benzylidene)cyclobutene I-V are reported. Previously unknown 1,2-dibromo-3,4-bis(benzylidene)cyclobuteneIII-V were obtained through in situ generation of 1,6-diphenyl-3,4-dibromo-1,2,4,5-tetraene followed by electrocyclic ring closure. Ensuing redn. and metal-catalyzed cross-coupling provided addnl. derivs. The effects of ring strain on the geometry and electronics of these derivs. were examd. by X-ray crystallog. and 1H NMR spectroscopy, resp. [on SciFinder(R)]
  • 2011
    The nitramine-containing explosive RDX and the nitroester-containing explosive PETN are shown to be susceptible to photofragmentation upon exposure to sunlight. Model compounds containing nitroester and nitramine moieties are also shown to fragment upon exposure to UV irradiation. The products of this photofragmentation are reactive, electrophilic NO(x) species, such as nitrous and nitric acid, nitric oxide, and nitrogen dioxide. N,N-Dimethylaniline is capable of being nitrated by the reactive, electrophilic NO(x) photofragmentation products of RDX and PETN. A series of 9,9-disubstituted 9,10-dihydroacridines (DHAs) are synthesized from either N-phenylanthranilic acid methyl ester or a diphenylamine derivative and are similarly shown to be rapidly nitrated by the photofragmentation products of RDX and PETN. A new (turn-on) emission signal at 550 nm is observed upon nitration of DHAs due to the generation of fluorescent donor-acceptor chromophores. Using fluorescence spectroscopy, the presence of ca. 1.2 ng of RDX and 320 pg of PETN can be detected by DHA indicators in the solid state upon exposure to sunlight. The nitration of aromatic amines by the photofragmentation products of RDX and PETN is presented as a unique, highly selective detection mechanism for nitroester- and nitramine-containing explosives and DHAs are presented as inexpensive and impermanent fluorogenic indicators for the selective, standoff/remote identification of RDX and PETN.
  • 2010
    It’s just a phase: A highly fluorinated compd. with a rigid three-dimensional architecture was synthesized as a monomer for poly(p-phenyleneethynylene)s (PPEs). Fluorous biphase reactions were applied for the synthesis of a PPE that is sol. only in fluorous solvents. A fluorous soln. of the polymer could be processed into aq. emulsions that display high fluorescence quantum yields. [on SciFinder(R)]